Effect of Early Life Adversity on Brain Structure and Behaviour
Order ID 53563633773 Type Essay Writer Level Masters Style APA Sources/References 4 Perfect Number of Pages to Order 5-10 Pages Description/Paper Instructions
Assignment Information
The essay topic for this trimester is the effect of Early Life Adversity on Brain Structure and Behaviour.
After birth and through adolescence, the brain continues to undergo substantial structural changes. These changes are related to continued development of neuronal circuits and ultimately determine brain function and behaviour during adulthood.
Exposure to stressful experiences during this period can have impacts on brain structure development. The effects can last through adulthood, and have been implicated in psychopathologies such as emotional dysfunction and cognitive impairment
Your assignment is to briefly review brain structural changes that can occur with adverse experiences during early life, and how they may effect subsequent cognitive and emotional function. You can choose to review brain structural changes after early life stress generally, or focus on some more narrow aspect of the topic.
Below are examples of papers that would be good to discuss in the essay. Note these are illustrative only and you can elect to include them or not depending on the exact nature of your topic. Some of the papers referenced below describe studies in rodents, others of humans. Some examine the effect of early life stress on brain macrostructure, and others the effect of early life stress in neuronal microstructure.
Farrell, M. R., Holland, F. H., Shansky, R. M., & Brenhouse, H. C. (2016). Sex-specific effects of early life stress on social interaction and prefrontal cortex dendritic morphology in young rats. Behavioural brain research, 310, 119-125.
Molet, J., Maras, P. M., Kinney‐Lang, E., Harris, N. G., Rashid, F., Ivy, A. S., … & Baram, T. Z. (2016). MRI uncovers disrupted hippocampal microstructure that underlies memory impairments after early‐life adversity. Hippocampus, 26(12), 1618-1632.
Nieves, G. M., Bravo, M., Baskoylu, S., & Bath, K. G. (2020). Early life adversity decreases pre-adolescent fear expression by accelerating amygdala PV cell development. Elife, 9, e55263.
Smith, K. E., & Pollak, S. D. (2020). Early life stress and development: potential mechanisms for adverse outcomes. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 12(1), 1-15.
Tyborowska, A., Volman, I., Niermann, H. C., Pouwels, J. L., Smeekens, S., Cillessen, A. H., … & Roelofs, K. (2018). Early-life and pubertal stress differentially modulate grey matter development in human adolescents. Scientific reports, 8(1), 1-11.
Tips on engaging with this literature:
- Remember to carefully choose a thesis related to the assignment topic. Early life stress refers to adverse life experiences a child might encounter, such as abuse, neglect, and deprived family resourcing. It doesn’t necessarily include prenatal adversity, or other types of brain illness or adversity. For example, a paper about effects of maternal alcohol or drug consumption on fetal brains and later cognition would not have a topic that matches the question. Nor would papers about brain and cognitive effects of childhood brain cancer, meningitis, or traumatic brain injury. A paper about potential brain and emotional effects of long hospital stays in childhood (in which the hospital stay is the stressful experience) would be perfectly fine.
- Remember that the review is specifically about brain structural consequences of early life stress and how that can influence subsequent emotion and cognition. You may find papers about the effect of early life stress on gene transcription for example. You do not need to review these papers unless they touch on brain structure in some way.
- Brain Structural changes can be at the macro- or micro-level. For example you might find that there are differences in the overall volume of the hippocampus with early life stress, and that there are differences in number of synaptic connections between neurons in the hippocampus. Either or both of these types of findings are suitable to review.
- Scientists are now imaging brain structure using techniques that might be new to you. These include various microscopy techniques as well as magnetic imaging techniques like Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI). Part of your assignment may be to do sufficient background reading to understand what is being imaged using these techniques.
NOTE:
The paper should have a Title Page, Abstract, Introduction, Body, Discussion/Conclusion and a Reference section. Title page and references are not included in the word count.
RUBRIC
QUALITY OF RESPONSE NO RESPONSE POOR / UNSATISFACTORY SATISFACTORY GOOD EXCELLENT Content (worth a maximum of 50% of the total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 20 points out of 50: The essay illustrates poor understanding of the relevant material by failing to address or incorrectly addressing the relevant content; failing to identify or inaccurately explaining/defining key concepts/ideas; ignoring or incorrectly explaining key points/claims and the reasoning behind them; and/or incorrectly or inappropriately using terminology; and elements of the response are lacking. 30 points out of 50: The essay illustrates a rudimentary understanding of the relevant material by mentioning but not full explaining the relevant content; identifying some of the key concepts/ideas though failing to fully or accurately explain many of them; using terminology, though sometimes inaccurately or inappropriately; and/or incorporating some key claims/points but failing to explain the reasoning behind them or doing so inaccurately. Elements of the required response may also be lacking. 40 points out of 50: The essay illustrates solid understanding of the relevant material by correctly addressing most of the relevant content; identifying and explaining most of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology; explaining the reasoning behind most of the key points/claims; and/or where necessary or useful, substantiating some points with accurate examples. The answer is complete. 50 points: The essay illustrates exemplary understanding of the relevant material by thoroughly and correctly addressing the relevant content; identifying and explaining all of the key concepts/ideas; using correct terminology explaining the reasoning behind key points/claims and substantiating, as necessary/useful, points with several accurate and illuminating examples. No aspects of the required answer are missing. Use of Sources (worth a maximum of 20% of the total points). Zero points: Student failed to include citations and/or references. Or the student failed to submit a final paper. 5 out 20 points: Sources are seldom cited to support statements and/or format of citations are not recognizable as APA 6th Edition format. There are major errors in the formation of the references and citations. And/or there is a major reliance on highly questionable. The Student fails to provide an adequate synthesis of research collected for the paper. 10 out 20 points: References to scholarly sources are occasionally given; many statements seem unsubstantiated. Frequent errors in APA 6th Edition format, leaving the reader confused about the source of the information. There are significant errors of the formation in the references and citations. And/or there is a significant use of highly questionable sources. 15 out 20 points: Credible Scholarly sources are used effectively support claims and are, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition is used with only a few minor errors. There are minor errors in reference and/or citations. And/or there is some use of questionable sources. 20 points: Credible scholarly sources are used to give compelling evidence to support claims and are clearly and fairly represented. APA 6th Edition format is used accurately and consistently. The student uses above the maximum required references in the development of the assignment. Grammar (worth maximum of 20% of total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 5 points out of 20: The paper does not communicate ideas/points clearly due to inappropriate use of terminology and vague language; thoughts and sentences are disjointed or incomprehensible; organization lacking; and/or numerous grammatical, spelling/punctuation errors 10 points out 20: The paper is often unclear and difficult to follow due to some inappropriate terminology and/or vague language; ideas may be fragmented, wandering and/or repetitive; poor organization; and/or some grammatical, spelling, punctuation errors 15 points out of 20: The paper is mostly clear as a result of appropriate use of terminology and minimal vagueness; no tangents and no repetition; fairly good organization; almost perfect grammar, spelling, punctuation, and word usage. 20 points: The paper is clear, concise, and a pleasure to read as a result of appropriate and precise use of terminology; total coherence of thoughts and presentation and logical organization; and the essay is error free. Structure of the Paper (worth 10% of total points) Zero points: Student failed to submit the final paper. 3 points out of 10: Student needs to develop better formatting skills. The paper omits significant structural elements required for and APA 6th edition paper. Formatting of the paper has major flaws. The paper does not conform to APA 6th edition requirements whatsoever. 5 points out of 10: Appearance of final paper demonstrates the student’s limited ability to format the paper. There are significant errors in formatting and/or the total omission of major components of an APA 6th edition paper. They can include the omission of the cover page, abstract, and page numbers. Additionally the page has major formatting issues with spacing or paragraph formation. Font size might not conform to size requirements. The student also significantly writes too large or too short of and paper 7 points out of 10: Research paper presents an above-average use of formatting skills. The paper has slight errors within the paper. This can include small errors or omissions with the cover page, abstract, page number, and headers. There could be also slight formatting issues with the document spacing or the font Additionally the paper might slightly exceed or undershoot the specific number of required written pages for the assignment. 10 points: Student provides a high-caliber, formatted paper. This includes an APA 6th edition cover page, abstract, page number, headers and is double spaced in 12’ Times Roman Font. Additionally, the paper conforms to the specific number of required written pages and neither goes over or under the specified length of the paper. GET THIS PROJECT NOW BY CLICKING ON THIS LINK TO PLACE THE ORDER
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