Order ID 53563633773 Type Essay Writer Level Masters Style APA Sources/References 4 Perfect Number of Pages to Order 5-10 Pages Description/Paper Instructions
Emergency Description
In times of disasters and pandemics, food is essential for every human. Over 180 million people live in Nigeria and has the largest population in Africa (The World Factbook: Nigeria). These parts of Africa, food is difficult to come by. With diminished resources and unable to get to other places, it has made the food security decline more and more each year. Resources to get food is minimum because of their livestock, rice, essentials are usually imported into Nigeria. Amidst of a pandemic of Covid 19, it has heightened the security of having food available in every aspect possible.
The Humanitarian Coordinator Officer from the United Nation states “Up to 7 million people may become food insecure, up from pre-covid-19 figures of 3.9 million”. Many women, children, and men are not getting the nutrition while their population rate is increasing, their health and safety is declining. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, back in November 2019, there was an estimated 2.6 million facing severe food insecurity. With a decline of production across the globe of food, the numbers must have increase dramatically. The mix of unemployment and poverty, it is difficult to find resources to feed their own people. “The gap analysis of 26 different organizations involved during July 2020, Sector partners assisted around 1.4 million individuals with food assistance in the three most affected North-East states of Nigeria”( (Food Security Sector SO1 Gap Analysis – July 2020 | Food Security Cluster, 2020). Nigeria do not have many farms and livestock; therefore, it’s makes it more difficult for them to produce their own resources.
Activity Design and Description
The African continent has significantly benefited from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The agency uses activity designs to describe the implementation of tasks and other strategies. According to USAID (2019), activity design highlights the target population, how, and when the assistance would be administered. The paper describes the activity design for smart farming assistance in Nigeria. The need of food security we will be using USAid Title II, can help these activities designs be reach the population in Nigeria.
Targeting, Selection and Eligibility Verification Methodology
The smart farming assistance would prioritize on the children and women in areas adversely affected by food insecurity. There would be a series of meetings organized monthly by local authorities to ensure that the community adequately participates in the need’s assessment or changes. It would take one month to compile all the feedback from the community and record a list of all the expected beneficiaries.
Social Dynamics
Women and children are the most vulnerable groups when it comes to inadequate food in the region. The women are the pillars for most families, thus, assisting them would lead to improved food security in households. Further, using Title II will make sure they receive food within the first three months while educating the community.
Local Input and Feedback
Effective programming is dependent on the contributions of community members (USAID, 2019). There will be a creation of awareness through campaigns including talking to the locals in their native language, explaining the process, and the ultimate goal in the community to enlighten the people on their role in the project. After every milestone has been attained, the results of the specific phases would be communicated to the community, and their feedback is considered. The local input would be received at the end of every month until its completion.
Conditionalities, Restrictions and Community Contributions
The assistance on Nigerian food security would be conditional and restricted. Meaning we will be controlling how much cash transfers will be needed and use for each family. It would allow for better oversight, Integrity, and accountability among the stakeholders. However, the restrictions would be reduced for elderly. Individuals would spend an average of eight hours per day and be educated on the farming as well as given additional cash transfers if they volunteer more hours.
Essential Complimentary Activities
Balafoutis et al. (2020) highlighted that smart farming involves the incorporation of technology in the agricultural sector. Smart farming is significantly dependent on the types of seeds used in the process. Therefore, it would be paramount to also ensure that there are appropriate seeds for individuals alongside technological incorporation for maximum production. It can be attained by partnering with companies that produce hybrid seeds. Such companies would help in the provision of the seeds as well as offering expert advice to the target population.
Partnering
The Nigerian government would be one of the partners in the program because it will provide administrative assistance. Other firms and NGOs would be required to fill questionnaires to be considered as partners. Agricultural and technological companies would be significantly considered. All the interested parties would be scrutinized based on their previous track records and the right ones selected.
Coordination
The program would coordinate its activities in Nigeria together with the World Health Organization (WHO), Save the Children, Food and Agricultural Organization, World Food Program, and the country’s national government. Assisting the women to embrace smart farming is aligned with other food programs in the region that aims at boosting food security. First three months, we should send farming equipment and start with cash transfers. Months 4-6, continue with cash transfers while we can start educating the community courses depending on the evaluation from the community. The following 6 months, we do assess markets, households, and seeing how the farming lessons are being expedited and if needed evaluate the cash transfers. Regroup to see what is working and what isn’t. The last 6 months, we can fix the farming that might not be working.
Exit or Transition Strategy
During the last three months, other organizations in the area pursuing food security aspects would be enlightened regarding the concluding program through a report. It would allow them to build on the achievements and continue with the program within the community. The women and children would be able to adequately feed their families through smart farming and also to become agricultural entrepreneurs.
Modality Rationale
In addressing the recent emergency during the period of COVID 19 pandemic, cash transfer is the proposed modality rationale. Cash transfer will be the most efficient and successful modality to address food security gaps during the emergency and recovery contexts. Using the data collected in eastern Nigeria, Hoddinott, Sandström and Upton (2014) found that at random, the households that received cash transfers experienced positive impacts due to diet quality measures and food consumption as compared to those receiving food vouchers. While other modalities like food vouchers wouldn’t get the excessive or less amount of items that were needed. Which would cause a huge loss of food waste.
Receiving cash also reduced the usage of a number of coping strategies. These differences are valid both after the harvest as well as during the lean season height. Nevertheless, households receiving cash transfer used more money in acquiring agricultural inputs. Less than 5% of the agricultural produce was sold or traded for other products. According to Hoddinott, Sandström and Upton (2014), the timelessness and degree of frequency in which cash and food transfers were delivered were similar; however, it cost 15% more to implement food transfers.
- Market appropriateness
WFP, in partnership with GoN, identified villages that needed assistance and were suitable for study as part of the intervention. From the investigation, it was revealed that thirteen villages had poor road accessibility to the market. It was not appropriate to provide them with cash transfer primarily due to possible difficulties and the cost that incur for cash recipients to access enough food. The remaining villages were both suitable for receiving both cash and food transfers. As implementing both modalities would be complicated and cause tension, villages with the same worksite during public works can receive different forms of transfer. Therefore, conducting randomization at the worksite level was done. To define this further, the worksites were divided into sedentary agriculture and pastoralist zones. Then, according to the population, zones were ranked from the largest to the smallest ones. They were all randomized through the procedure to ensure equal village distribution by size and zone receiving each transfer.
Population in a considerable number of households suffer from protein, micronutrients, and calories deficiency. Most of this is caused by lack of diversity in Nigerian food markets. In addition, such situation occurs during the post-planting season (Akerele et al., 2017). It is worth noting that Nigeria heavily relies on food imports. The entire country population suffers from malnutrition, low-quality foods, unbalanced nutrition, high food costs, as well as a total lack of food (Smeets-Kristkova, Achterbosch, & Kuiper, 2019). The neighboring countries’ markets are equipped with a diverse supply of food commodities in more than sufficient. Therefore, considering acquiring food from these countries will be an effective and reliable method.
It is crucial that the source markets of neighboring countries are sufficiently integrated. As such, since the demand will increase during the organization’s support, the source market can adapt as the supply is more than enough. In all neighboring countries, as well as the international markets, competition is stiff (Yang, 2018). Once food vouchers are chosen, due to the competition in the source markets (International market), donors will not be prone to fixing prices due to the increased demand or even potential negative impact on the program. Most neighboring countries, for instance, Cameroon, produce more food than its population can consume. Due to excess production, these agricultural harvests are sold at a cheap cost to avoid spoilage. Therefore, once these markets are aware of the increased demand in the market, instead of increasing the price, they will supply even more than the demand; consequently, the price will decrease.
Cash transfers are typically characterized by lower administrative as it gives recipients higher freedom over their consumption. Cash transfers will influence the increase in prices for commodities as it will increase the demand for normal goods (Baird, McKenzie, & Özler, 2018). Due to the increased demand for food products, suppliers will respond by increasing their supply to the market. Price volatility, which, according to Nguyen et al. (2020 ), describes the commodity price fluctuations. Hoddinott, Sandström, and Upton (2014) state that the cash transfer model indirectly influences price volatility.
Prices fluctuate based on changes in demand. As seen earlier, cash transfers influence demand and supply. Therefore, when demand is rising, prices increase, and when demand decreases, the prices decrease. Simultaneously, when suppliers try to respond to the increase in demand, it leads to increased supply, consequently lowering the prices (Akerele et al. 2017). In other words, it is clear that in the current context, price volatility is a risk that would influence the cash transfer model.
Moreover, the chosen cash transfer modality does not cause disincentive to production or any other livelihood activities. Instead, it causes incentives for agricultural activities. According to the survey conducted by Hoddinott, Sandström and Upton (2014), most of the cash recipients from donors, approximately 5%, spend their cash in purchasing agricultural inputs. It is, therefore, an indication that cash modality does not cause disincentive to production. There are other incredible benefits of cash transfer modality to local markets, powerfully influencing their choice. For instance, according to Baird, McKenzie and Özler (2018), if the local market is functioning and in a position to meet the demand, cash transfer serves as the best and most efficient alternative to direct food distributions and non-food items.
Cash transfers are flexible and dignified. It permits spending money based on the recipients’ needs and their priorities; it can help recipients receive a sense of security with some cash transfer being distributed discreetly, ensuring greater dignity and an individual’s security, for instance, via e-transfers. Importantly, cash transfers can simulate the economy recovery by creating short-term incomes, increasing customers’ purchasing power, leading to supporting local businesses, and triggering early recovery for the affected areas instead of only the selected households (Nobre et al., 2019). Lastly, cash transfer is promising in protecting assets and preventing debts as it prevents the accumulation of debts resulting from financial pressures due to the Coronavirus pandemic emergency. With the large number of people affected by the pandemic, cash transfers will be appropriate, cost-effective, and inclusive (Yang, 2018). It is inclusive because it can involve huge numbers of the affected population to provide for the women and children who are the most vulnerable participants.
- Feasibility
During the timelessness period, we focus on the time of which is deliver, distributed, and consumed. It is possible to deliver aid in the proposed time as the modality rationale chosen does not require training. It is cost-effective and fast. This includes having enough staff, equipment’s, deadlines set forward. With delivery mechanisms we look at different things. The process of transferring currency and or goods in Nigeria is not challenging. From the reviewed documents and interviews conducted with key informants, the mechanisms identified for transferring money include direct cash, mobile money, cards, voucher fair, cash through traders, and cheques. However, they all vary in reliability, capacities, coverage, and the ability to meet the program’s objectives. As such, with the targeted participants being the children and women and considering the pandemic severity, mobile money is the most efficient, reliable delivery mechanism with wide coverage (Emeasoba, Ogbuefi, & Enugu, 2013). As for the children without mobile phones, direct cash and voucher fair will be effective. However, it might delay and be more expensive than mobile money.
The requirement for verification will be national ID, and for the children will be the birth certificate. Most of the participants prefer receiving money via mobile and direct cash for those without phones. Mobile money is the safest, most convenient delivery option for data protection concerns. The old men and women have benefited from mobile money and digital cash as they can receive money irrespective of their location. Young people can transact any amount of money with convenience at any location with low charges.
Having the accessibility in the market, we need to have different targets. The greatest number of target households (94. 2%) has safe and regular access to the market (Onyeneke et al., 2019). On average, most old men and women spend one hour to reach the market while young people spend half an hour to reach the market comfortably. Regarding security, we believe mobile money is safe since each person can have their own pin code. If there is some sort of fraud, we have additional security features for access.
Market infrastructure can be extremely challenging in Nigeria. The 50% of the target households relate to good roads, while 50% have poor roads. Plus, weather complications cause these roads to be flooded. The risk mitigation will have the humanitarian community calls for respect of civilians with both the humanitarian agency staff and population working to carry security risks. Given the widespread use of mobile money, the operational security risk associated with alternative methods is greater. The operational capacity our staff will be responsible for gathering all the personal information of each person. With this they will require the necessary documentation, expertise, and all the necessary requirements to implement the cash transfer modality are available. My staff will educate the community how to work, troubleshoot, and use their pin numbers to be able to have access to the funds. Plus the political environment the cash transfer modality using mobile money is legal.
- Objectives Activity
The strategic approach will target the most vulnerable group which children and women. Providing cash to start smart farming and purchasing food will help reduce Nigeria’s food insecurity during this COVID 19 pandemic. Smart farming assistance is a broader response package. The preference will be the modality chosen is acceptable to the target group as they all have phones while those without phones will still receive their cash directly. To mitigate protection concerns, the government has deployed security personnel within all villages to ensure that even the vulnerable population during this pandemic period is safe. Similarly, the government is supplying food to the most affected people. All the potential impacts ranging from age, gender, disability to diversity have been considered in the inclusive perspective to ensure all persons have access to safe food and stay secure. There are no significant concerns regarding resource allocation, as all factors have been considered to allocate the resources.
This is to ensure that the set objective of the program has been effectively met. Gender discrimination will not be tolerated but highly condemned. The vulnerable population is women and children. The specific concerns of these vulnerable populations have been addressed in the cash transfer modality as the modality will ensure they have access to safe, convenient food all times. Again, the vulnerable population will be assisted in starting a smart farm with priority given to the children and women in areas adversely affected by food insecurity. Resource transfer will mitigate conflict dynamics at community and household levels as it will lead to improved food security in households. The cash transfer modality is effective in achieving sector-specific objectives. The consumption habits in Nigeria’s most households are purchase and consumption behaviors in daily life. Other dynamics which should be put into consideration is the number of children in every household. The essential complimentary activities include several different resources. With smart farming, hybrid seeds, and adequate farm inputs, the country will produce adequate food varieties; the excess is sold to acquire what the farmers don’t produce to ensure food types diversity.
- Cost Efficiency
The proposed intervention is cost-effective to meet humanitarian needs. For the proposed intervention cash transfer model will be used. The intended percentage of food that needs to be met is 75%, which is equivalent to 2000 calories per person, 12% of which will come from protein, and 15% from fat and micronutrients such as zinc, iodine, iron, and Vitamin A. The table below gives data on cost effectiveness of cash transfer.
Food security measures and coping strategies Food villages Cash villages Household dietary diversity Index 8.7 7.8 Food consumption score; av. 44.4 37.6 Food consumption score categories (% ge HHS) · Poor 31.4 17. 1 · Borderline 34.9 31.6 · Acceptable 51.9 48.9 Food groups consumed (% HHS) · Cereals 30.7 20.9 · Fruit 30.4 22.7 · Dairy 55.8 61.1 · Dairy 94.5 80.3 · CSI (average) 7.3 3.1
ReferencesAkerele, D., Sanusi, R. A., Fadare, O. A., & Ashaolu, O. F. (2017). Factors influencing nutritional adequacy among rural households in Nigeria: How does dietary diversity stand among influencers? Ecology of food and nutrition, 56(2), 187-203. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28139137/
Baird, S., McKenzie, D., & Özler, B. (2018). The effects of cash transfers on adult labor market outcomes. IZA Journal of Development and Migration, 8(1), 22. https://izajodm.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40176-018-0131-9
Balafoutis, T. A., Evert, K. V. F., & Fountas, S. (2020). Smart farming technology trends: Economic and environmental effects, labor impact, and adoption readiness. Agronomy, 10(5), 1-26. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/10/5/743
Emeasoba, U., Ogbuefi, J. U., & Enugu, C. (2013). Sustainable socio-economic development in Nigeria: A case for road infrastructure maintenance. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 3(5), 129-137. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/234663099.pdf
Hoddinott, J. F., Sandström, S., & Upton, J. (2014). The impact of cash and food transfers: Evidence from a randomized intervention in Niger (Vol. 1341). Intl Food Policy Res Inst.
https://books.google.co.ke/books?
Nobre, G. G., Davenport, F., Bischiniotis, K., Veldkamp, T., Jongman, B., Funk, C. C., & Aerts, J. C. (2019). Financing agricultural drought risk through ex-ante cash transfers. Science of the Total Environment, 653, 523-535.
https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/financing-agricultural-drought-risk-through-ex-ante-cash-transfer
Nguyen, T., Nguyen, H., Tran, Q., & Le, Q. (2020). Dividend policy and share price volatility: empirical evidence from Vietnam. Accounting, 6(2), 67-78.
http://m.growingscience.com/beta/ac/3632-dividend-policy-and-share-price-volatility-empirical-evidence-from-vietnam.html
Onyeneke, R. U., Nwajiuba, C. A., Igberi, C. O., Umunna Amadi, M., Anosike, F. C., Oko-Isu, A., & Adeolu, A. I. (2019). Impacts of caregivers’ nutrition knowledge and food market accessibility on preschool children’s dietary diversity in remote communities in Southeast Nigeria. Sustainability, 11(6), 1688.
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/6/1688
Smeets-Kristkova, Z., Achterbosch, T., & Kuiper, M. (2019). Healthy diets and reduced land pressure: Towards a double gain for future food systems in Nigeria. Towards Sustainable Global Food Systems, 35. https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/resources/res_display.asp?RecordID=5711
USAID. (2019). FFP final fiscal year 2019 international emergency food assistance annual program statement (APS). USAID. https://www.usaid.gov/documents/1866/fiscal-year-2019-international-emergency-food-assistance-annual-program-statement
Yang, I. S. (2018). Product R&D and International Trade under Bertrand Competition. Journal of International Trade & Commerce, 14(2), 1-20.
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3206113
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